Tuesday, January 31, 2012
Why Route 47 Needs Improving
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FORACTION
1.0 Introduction
The study area extends approximately eight miles along IL Route 47 from Reed Road to
US Route 14 through the communities of Huntley, Woodstock, Lake in the Hills, Crystal
Lake, Lakewood, and unincorporated McHenry County. See Appendix A. Exhibit 1,
Location Map. It is located within the Kishwaukee River Watershed, an ecologically
diverse watershed that contains sensitive plant and animal species as well as highly
permeable soils.
IL Route 47 is classified as a rural Strategic Route Arterial and is included as part of the
National Highway System (NHS). IL Route 47 is important to the north-south
transportation linkage because it provides access to residential, retail, commercial,
agricultural, and recreational lands throughout the region including Wisconsin. The
nearest parallel state highway is IL Route 31 located 7 miles east of IL Route 47. Other
studies along IL Route 47 have taken place or are ongoing. South of Reed Road, a Phase
I Study /Environmental Assessment was previously completed, the roadway has been
designed and construction will commence in Spring of 2010. North of US Route 14 a
separate Phase I Study/Environmental Assessment has been initiated that will study
improvements to IL Route 47 from US Route 14 to Charles Road. Therefore, the logical
termini of Reed Road and US Route 14 are verified. In addition, an “Illinois Tomorrow”
grant was awarded that provides a land use based study of the IL Route 47 corridor from
within Kane County northward to the Wisconsin State line. This latter study is intended
to evaluate current land use and provide a planning document that combines the
comprehensive planning efforts of the communities along the corridor.
The speed limit along IL Route 47 within this study area is 55 mph with the roadway
consisting of two twelve foot through lanes, widening to four twelve foot lanes in some
commercial and residential subdivision areas with gravel shoulders. The existing right-ofway
is 80 feet throughout except for just south of US Route 14 where the right of way
expands to 200 feet. There are four signalized intersections throughout the project area
located at Reed Road, IL Route 14, and both intersections with IL Route 176. In addition
to these intersections, there are a number of intersecting roads that are controlled by stop
signs.
1.1 Purpose of the Project
The purpose of the proposed action is to provide an improved transportation system for
IL Route 47 from Reed Road to US Route 14. Improvements to this route are needed to
address vehicular and pedestrian safety, enhance traffic mobility and capacity, and
facilitate planned economic growth.
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-2
Environmental Assessment
1.2 Project Need
1.2.1 Safety
Vehicular Crash Data: During the three year study period from 2004-2006, a total of
379 crashes occurred along IL Route 47 with 131 in 2004, 119 in 2005, and 129 in 2006.
During this three year study period, a total of 158 injuries and 1 fatality were recorded.
Supplemental data from the previous three year period (2001-2003) indicates a total of
306 crashes occurred, with 101 in 2001, 98 in 2002, and 107 in 2003. The number of
injuries in the 2001-2003 study period was 140 with no recorded fatalities. The
predominant crash types for the 2001-2006 period were rear-end (40%), followed by
turning (22%), fixed object (9%), and animal (9%) crashes. The other types of crashes
(20%) include overturned, other-object, other-non-collision, head-on, sideswipe-same
direction, sideswipe-opposite direction, and angle. Lighting, weather and wet pavement
conditions do not appear to be a primary influence of the crashes within the project area.
Excluding the IL 176 split intersection, 30.5% of the crashes occurred outside the IL 176
split intersection, the predominant crash types for the 2004-2006 period were rear-end
(54.7%), followed by angle (22.6%), and turning (9.4%). The other types of crashes
(13.3%) include fixed-object, sideswipe, and animal. Lighting, weather and wet
pavement conditions do not appear to be a primary influence of the crashes within the
project area. The two most predominant crash types rear-end and angle generally are
due to a lack of capacity.
The crashes within the project area have been recorded using the Illinois Traffic Crash
Report. During the 2004-2006 study period, one crash was coded K (fatality), 16 were
coded A (incapaciting injury) and 84 were coded B (non-incapacitating injury). The
remaining crashes were coded C or O denoting that injury was not evident, nor recorded.
The one crash involving a fatality occurred in 2006 at the three-legged, south intersection
of IL Route 47 and IL Route 176. The driver did not seem to be under the influence of
alcohol and was not overly tired. Clear weather and dry nighttime road conditions were
present.
Signalized Intersection of IL Route 47 and IL Route 176 (Split Intersection): The Illinois
Department of Transportation listed this split intersection in the 2007 Selected Arterial
5% Segments due to the high number of crashes that have occurred at both the north and
south intersections. The majority of the crashes (54.5%) occurring at these locations are
rear-end crashes the next most common crash type is turning crashes (35.5%).
There were 37 rear-end crashes at the south intersection and 29 rear-end crashes at the
north intersection from 2004 to 2006. Potential contributory factors to rear-end crashes
include poor traffic signal visibility due to the curve in the IL Route 47 alignment, heavy
approach traffic volumes, and high vehicle approach speeds. There were 29 turning
crashes at the south intersection and 14 turning crashes at the north intersection from
2004 to 2006. Potential contributory factors to turning crashes include the angle of
intersection, high vehicle approach speeds, and heavy turning volumes which result in the
misjudgment of gaps in opposing through movements.
1.2.2 Capacity and Mobility
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-3
Environmental Assessment
Level of Service: Level-of-Service (LOS) classification is used to classify how well
traffic flows through signalized intersections. LOS “A” describes operations with very
low delay, up to an average of 10 seconds per vehicle, while LOS “F” describes
operations with very high delay, in excess of 80 seconds. In general, the Illinois
Department of Transportation targets a minimum LOS C for roadways similar in
classification to IL Route 47.
The design year 2030 level of service at the signalized intersections, range from C to D.
The intersection of IL Route 47/Reed Road, a four-legged intersection, will have a LOS
of C in both the a.m. and p.m. peak periods; IL Route 47/IL Route 176 (North
Intersection), a three legged intersection, will have a LOS of D in both the a.m. and p.m.
peak periods; and IL Route 47/US Route 14, a four-legged intersection, will have a LOS
of D in both the a.m. and p.m. peak periods. The intersection of IL Route 47/IL Route
176 (South intersection), a three legged intersection, will have an a.m. LOS of C and p.m.
LOS of D, but individual movements experience LOS E and F, which indicate poor
intersection operations. LOS E occurs on the southbound left turn movement from IL
Route 47 to IL Route 176 and the LOS F occurs on the Northbound thru movement. In
2030, during normal morning and evening peak hour periods at this intersection, the
backups along IL Route 47 will extend approximately 1550 feet in the northbound
direction. These backups block safe access to side streets and retail establishments.
Capacity: Currently (2007) the route carries between 14,300 and 22,300 vehicles per day,
averaging 17,100 vehicles per day over the length of the project. In 2030 the projected
traffic levels are between 19,000 and 33,000 vehicles per day, averaging 25,400 vehicles
per day over the length of the project. A two lane roadway can safely and efficiently
accommodate between 14,000 and 18,000 vehicles per day. Current traffic volumes are
approaching that level and projected levels will exceed that level at every intersection
along the project. Crashes throughout the study area appear to be caused primarily by a
lack of capacity and safe turning accommodations. The existing two lane roadway
typically does not provide channelized turn lanes. During peak hours, lengthy queues are
formed when vehicles attempt to make left turns at unsignalized intersections. The
congestion and stopped traffic results in driver frustration and an increased potential for
rear-end and turning type crashes. Slow moving vehicles from adjacent agricultural and
quarrying activities, further compound the turning deficiencies. These slow moving
vehicles, which create the potential for collisions, are concentrated near the intersections
of Conley Road, Ballard Road, and Foster/Union Road.
Mobility: The north mile of the project is characterized by numerous existing commercial
properties with additional commercial properties in the planning stages. These properties
generate turning vehicles which slow the flow of traffic. Access to the properties should
be consolidated to reduce conflict points. The lack of pedestrian and bicycle
accommodations, does not afford alternate means to travel between the commercial
properties, increasing the number of vehicles entering and exiting the roadway.
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-4
Environmental Assessment
Separating the pedestrians and bicycles from vehicle traffic would reduce conflicts
between them.
The south end of the project is much more rural in nature. Access points are spread out
with few vehicles entering or exiting the roadway. There are few destinations for
pedestrians or bicycles in this portion of the project. Adding separate pedestrian and/or
bicycle accommodations does not appear to be warranted. The limited number of
pedestrians and bicycles could utilize a paved shoulder.
1.2.5 Economic Development
Locally, IL Route 47 serves as a transportation corridor in the Cities and Villages of
Huntley, Woodstock, Lake in the Hills, Crystal Lake, and Lakewood consisting of mixed
use, multi-family residential, public/institutional, and commercial land uses. The current
traffic queues and level of service contribute to poor and unsafe access for the land uses
that exist throughout the project area. Left turn channelization is sporadic throughout the
project area and access to adjacent properties is limited. These problems will continue to
increase as more residential and commercial facilities are built.
The communities along the corridor have tools in place such as formal comprehensive
plans and zoning restrictions to allow for planned growth. IDOT has been and will
continue to work with the local communities to determine the most appropriate places for
access points to IL Route 47. Currently, two major residential developments are planned
within the project area; the Huntley Village Center North, located between Talamore
Blvd. and Ackman Road, and the Apple Creek Estates, located between Lucas Road and
Hercules Road. A commercial center is planned for the intersection area near IL Route
176 and IL Route 47 intersections. Smaller commercial and residential developments are
planned as well throughout the corridor. In sum, the generation of traffic by these planned
future developments will compound the current conditions. The local communities are
cooperating with IDOT’s access permitting efforts which will help to maintain thoughtful
growth.
IL Route 47 also serves commuters who use the route to travel to Wisconsin and the Lake
Geneva area. The viability of current and future economic development along the IL
Route 47 corridor is restricted under current traffic operations. A safe and efficient
transportation system would better serve and maintain the viability of current land uses in
and around the business areas along the route.
1.0 Introduction
The study area extends approximately eight miles along IL Route 47 from Reed Road to
US Route 14 through the communities of Huntley, Woodstock, Lake in the Hills, Crystal
Lake, Lakewood, and unincorporated McHenry County. See Appendix A. Exhibit 1,
Location Map. It is located within the Kishwaukee River Watershed, an ecologically
diverse watershed that contains sensitive plant and animal species as well as highly
permeable soils.
IL Route 47 is classified as a rural Strategic Route Arterial and is included as part of the
National Highway System (NHS). IL Route 47 is important to the north-south
transportation linkage because it provides access to residential, retail, commercial,
agricultural, and recreational lands throughout the region including Wisconsin. The
nearest parallel state highway is IL Route 31 located 7 miles east of IL Route 47. Other
studies along IL Route 47 have taken place or are ongoing. South of Reed Road, a Phase
I Study /Environmental Assessment was previously completed, the roadway has been
designed and construction will commence in Spring of 2010. North of US Route 14 a
separate Phase I Study/Environmental Assessment has been initiated that will study
improvements to IL Route 47 from US Route 14 to Charles Road. Therefore, the logical
termini of Reed Road and US Route 14 are verified. In addition, an “Illinois Tomorrow”
grant was awarded that provides a land use based study of the IL Route 47 corridor from
within Kane County northward to the Wisconsin State line. This latter study is intended
to evaluate current land use and provide a planning document that combines the
comprehensive planning efforts of the communities along the corridor.
The speed limit along IL Route 47 within this study area is 55 mph with the roadway
consisting of two twelve foot through lanes, widening to four twelve foot lanes in some
commercial and residential subdivision areas with gravel shoulders. The existing right-ofway
is 80 feet throughout except for just south of US Route 14 where the right of way
expands to 200 feet. There are four signalized intersections throughout the project area
located at Reed Road, IL Route 14, and both intersections with IL Route 176. In addition
to these intersections, there are a number of intersecting roads that are controlled by stop
signs.
1.1 Purpose of the Project
The purpose of the proposed action is to provide an improved transportation system for
IL Route 47 from Reed Road to US Route 14. Improvements to this route are needed to
address vehicular and pedestrian safety, enhance traffic mobility and capacity, and
facilitate planned economic growth.
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-2
Environmental Assessment
1.2 Project Need
1.2.1 Safety
Vehicular Crash Data: During the three year study period from 2004-2006, a total of
379 crashes occurred along IL Route 47 with 131 in 2004, 119 in 2005, and 129 in 2006.
During this three year study period, a total of 158 injuries and 1 fatality were recorded.
Supplemental data from the previous three year period (2001-2003) indicates a total of
306 crashes occurred, with 101 in 2001, 98 in 2002, and 107 in 2003. The number of
injuries in the 2001-2003 study period was 140 with no recorded fatalities. The
predominant crash types for the 2001-2006 period were rear-end (40%), followed by
turning (22%), fixed object (9%), and animal (9%) crashes. The other types of crashes
(20%) include overturned, other-object, other-non-collision, head-on, sideswipe-same
direction, sideswipe-opposite direction, and angle. Lighting, weather and wet pavement
conditions do not appear to be a primary influence of the crashes within the project area.
Excluding the IL 176 split intersection, 30.5% of the crashes occurred outside the IL 176
split intersection, the predominant crash types for the 2004-2006 period were rear-end
(54.7%), followed by angle (22.6%), and turning (9.4%). The other types of crashes
(13.3%) include fixed-object, sideswipe, and animal. Lighting, weather and wet
pavement conditions do not appear to be a primary influence of the crashes within the
project area. The two most predominant crash types rear-end and angle generally are
due to a lack of capacity.
The crashes within the project area have been recorded using the Illinois Traffic Crash
Report. During the 2004-2006 study period, one crash was coded K (fatality), 16 were
coded A (incapaciting injury) and 84 were coded B (non-incapacitating injury). The
remaining crashes were coded C or O denoting that injury was not evident, nor recorded.
The one crash involving a fatality occurred in 2006 at the three-legged, south intersection
of IL Route 47 and IL Route 176. The driver did not seem to be under the influence of
alcohol and was not overly tired. Clear weather and dry nighttime road conditions were
present.
Signalized Intersection of IL Route 47 and IL Route 176 (Split Intersection): The Illinois
Department of Transportation listed this split intersection in the 2007 Selected Arterial
5% Segments due to the high number of crashes that have occurred at both the north and
south intersections. The majority of the crashes (54.5%) occurring at these locations are
rear-end crashes the next most common crash type is turning crashes (35.5%).
There were 37 rear-end crashes at the south intersection and 29 rear-end crashes at the
north intersection from 2004 to 2006. Potential contributory factors to rear-end crashes
include poor traffic signal visibility due to the curve in the IL Route 47 alignment, heavy
approach traffic volumes, and high vehicle approach speeds. There were 29 turning
crashes at the south intersection and 14 turning crashes at the north intersection from
2004 to 2006. Potential contributory factors to turning crashes include the angle of
intersection, high vehicle approach speeds, and heavy turning volumes which result in the
misjudgment of gaps in opposing through movements.
1.2.2 Capacity and Mobility
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-3
Environmental Assessment
Level of Service: Level-of-Service (LOS) classification is used to classify how well
traffic flows through signalized intersections. LOS “A” describes operations with very
low delay, up to an average of 10 seconds per vehicle, while LOS “F” describes
operations with very high delay, in excess of 80 seconds. In general, the Illinois
Department of Transportation targets a minimum LOS C for roadways similar in
classification to IL Route 47.
The design year 2030 level of service at the signalized intersections, range from C to D.
The intersection of IL Route 47/Reed Road, a four-legged intersection, will have a LOS
of C in both the a.m. and p.m. peak periods; IL Route 47/IL Route 176 (North
Intersection), a three legged intersection, will have a LOS of D in both the a.m. and p.m.
peak periods; and IL Route 47/US Route 14, a four-legged intersection, will have a LOS
of D in both the a.m. and p.m. peak periods. The intersection of IL Route 47/IL Route
176 (South intersection), a three legged intersection, will have an a.m. LOS of C and p.m.
LOS of D, but individual movements experience LOS E and F, which indicate poor
intersection operations. LOS E occurs on the southbound left turn movement from IL
Route 47 to IL Route 176 and the LOS F occurs on the Northbound thru movement. In
2030, during normal morning and evening peak hour periods at this intersection, the
backups along IL Route 47 will extend approximately 1550 feet in the northbound
direction. These backups block safe access to side streets and retail establishments.
Capacity: Currently (2007) the route carries between 14,300 and 22,300 vehicles per day,
averaging 17,100 vehicles per day over the length of the project. In 2030 the projected
traffic levels are between 19,000 and 33,000 vehicles per day, averaging 25,400 vehicles
per day over the length of the project. A two lane roadway can safely and efficiently
accommodate between 14,000 and 18,000 vehicles per day. Current traffic volumes are
approaching that level and projected levels will exceed that level at every intersection
along the project. Crashes throughout the study area appear to be caused primarily by a
lack of capacity and safe turning accommodations. The existing two lane roadway
typically does not provide channelized turn lanes. During peak hours, lengthy queues are
formed when vehicles attempt to make left turns at unsignalized intersections. The
congestion and stopped traffic results in driver frustration and an increased potential for
rear-end and turning type crashes. Slow moving vehicles from adjacent agricultural and
quarrying activities, further compound the turning deficiencies. These slow moving
vehicles, which create the potential for collisions, are concentrated near the intersections
of Conley Road, Ballard Road, and Foster/Union Road.
Mobility: The north mile of the project is characterized by numerous existing commercial
properties with additional commercial properties in the planning stages. These properties
generate turning vehicles which slow the flow of traffic. Access to the properties should
be consolidated to reduce conflict points. The lack of pedestrian and bicycle
accommodations, does not afford alternate means to travel between the commercial
properties, increasing the number of vehicles entering and exiting the roadway.
CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION
DECEMBER 2010
Illinois Route 47: Reed Road to US Route 14 Page 1-4
Environmental Assessment
Separating the pedestrians and bicycles from vehicle traffic would reduce conflicts
between them.
The south end of the project is much more rural in nature. Access points are spread out
with few vehicles entering or exiting the roadway. There are few destinations for
pedestrians or bicycles in this portion of the project. Adding separate pedestrian and/or
bicycle accommodations does not appear to be warranted. The limited number of
pedestrians and bicycles could utilize a paved shoulder.
1.2.5 Economic Development
Locally, IL Route 47 serves as a transportation corridor in the Cities and Villages of
Huntley, Woodstock, Lake in the Hills, Crystal Lake, and Lakewood consisting of mixed
use, multi-family residential, public/institutional, and commercial land uses. The current
traffic queues and level of service contribute to poor and unsafe access for the land uses
that exist throughout the project area. Left turn channelization is sporadic throughout the
project area and access to adjacent properties is limited. These problems will continue to
increase as more residential and commercial facilities are built.
The communities along the corridor have tools in place such as formal comprehensive
plans and zoning restrictions to allow for planned growth. IDOT has been and will
continue to work with the local communities to determine the most appropriate places for
access points to IL Route 47. Currently, two major residential developments are planned
within the project area; the Huntley Village Center North, located between Talamore
Blvd. and Ackman Road, and the Apple Creek Estates, located between Lucas Road and
Hercules Road. A commercial center is planned for the intersection area near IL Route
176 and IL Route 47 intersections. Smaller commercial and residential developments are
planned as well throughout the corridor. In sum, the generation of traffic by these planned
future developments will compound the current conditions. The local communities are
cooperating with IDOT’s access permitting efforts which will help to maintain thoughtful
growth.
IL Route 47 also serves commuters who use the route to travel to Wisconsin and the Lake
Geneva area. The viability of current and future economic development along the IL
Route 47 corridor is restricted under current traffic operations. A safe and efficient
transportation system would better serve and maintain the viability of current land uses in
and around the business areas along the route.
# posted by Cal Skinner : 12:42 PM
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Kent Gaffney's House Resolution 671 Praising the Prairie Grove High School Football Team's Success
HOUSE RESOLUTION 671
WHEREAS, The members of the Illinois House of
Representatives are pleased to congratulate the Prairie Ridge
High School Football team, the Wolves, on winning the Illinois
High School Association Class 6A State Championship, the first
State championship in the school's 15 year history; and
WHEREAS, The Coach of the Wolves is Chris Schremp; the
Assistant Coaches are Joe Terhaar, Andy Petersen, Matt Dunker,
Brandon Bender, John Caldarella, Dave Aklinski, Jeff Boldog,
Ryan O'Neill, Bill Murphy, Dave Hartl, Bill Lawlor, Joe
Wheeler, Jonathon Byham, Bryan Peckhart, John Mason, and Todd
Budy; the Athletic Director is Patti Hie; and the Athletic
Trainer is Mary Miller; and
WHEREAS, The members of the team are: Kingsley Ebirim,
Nathan Kirchberg, John Borst, Sean Valentine, Nick Margiotta,
John Wachman, Nick Nissen, Nick Serra, Billy Roediger, Joseph
Yeschek, Oliver Kremer, Chase Rea, Sean Folliard, Christian
Caldarella, Kody Hansen, James Erickson, Corey Barcoft, Tyler
Schebel, Connor Greenwald, Andrew Coleman, Jordan Getzelman,
Brett Covers, Travis Tabor, Steve Bashor, Nick Gregory,
Mitchell Todd, Aaron Repholz, Justin Lindahl, Kyle Barber, Alec
Thune, Dan Giffels, Kerry Kohlbacher, Jake Tuoy, Mitch Mohr,
Nick Lanaski, Corey Peterson, Collin Corcoran, AJ Ott, Michael
Lung, Josh Hrudicka, Connor Kirkpatrick, Erik Odden, Alec
Placko, Micah Mushynski, Andrew Lanza, Nick Hartleb, Brad
Simms, DJ Singh, Jordan Smith, Brian Siggeman, Ryan Blackwell,
Tom Beirau, Hunter Layne, Anthony Rubino, Bennett Tomlin, Dan
McAvoy, Joe Van Doorn, Austin Padjen, Jake Walker, Brian Foss,
Michael Trojan, Jon Palsgrove, Taylor Kapalin, Michael Van
Bosch, Shane Evans, Tom Evans, Austin Nirva, Brent Anderson,
Brent Eggers, Grant Adamick, Ross Carpenter, Alex Koss, Ben
Kenny, Colin Leverenz, Chris Dolleton, Ralph Nardi, and Michael
McCracken; therefore, be it
RESOLVED, BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
NINETY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, that
we congratulate the Prairie Ridge High School Football team,
the Wolves, on their great season and impressive State
tournament; and be it further
RESOLVED, That a suitable copy of this resolution be
presented to Coach Chris Schremp and the Prairie Ridge Wolves
as a symbol of our respect and esteem.
# posted by Cal Skinner : 8:07 AM
Saturday, January 21, 2012
What Methodists Say about Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Book of Resolutions > Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Preamble
The following statement addresses the ethical implications of using human embryos as a source of stem cells for research. It also examines in-vitro fertilization procedures, as they are the source of most of the embryos that are presently used for research. This statement does not explore in detail other kinds of stem cell research, but finds no moral objections to research involving stem cells derived from adult cells or umbilical cord blood. The United Methodist Church has made a commitment to consider all issues in light of concerns for the welfare of all people and the just distribution of resources. In light of that, we wish to state at the outset our conviction that Christians are called to use their resources to meet the basic health care needs of all people. We reaffirm our theological grounding on these issues as found in Section II of The 2004 Book of Resolutions, Resolution #102—"New Developments in Genetic Science."
Description of In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a clinical practice in which a woman's ovaries are hyper-stimulated to release several eggs, which are extracted and subsequently fertilized in a laboratory dish. This is for the purpose of creating embryos to be introduced into the uterus in the hope of implantation, gestation, and eventual birth. Current practice usually involves the extraction of up to 15-16 eggs for fertilization. The resulting embryos that are judged most viable are either introduced into the womb in the initial attempt or frozen and stored for possible later use. Some of the embryos are judged to be less viable than others and are discarded. (Those stored embryos that are not later used become the "excess embryos" whose use as a source of embryonic stem cells is currently under discussion.)
Concerns Regarding the Status of Human Embryos
A human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence and makes a serious moral claim on us, although not a claim identical to that of a more developed human life. For this reason we should not create embryos with the intention of destroying them, as in the creation of embryos for research purposes. Neither should we, even for reproductive purposes, produce more embryos than we can expect to introduce into the womb in the hope of implantation.
We recommend the following guidelines to minimize the overproduction of embryos:
• We urge clinicians and couples to make the determination of how many eggs to fertilize and implant on a case-by-case basis.
• Only enough embryos should be produced to achieve one pregnancy at a time.
• We insist that rigorous standards of informed consent regarding the procedures, the physical and emotional risks, and the associated ethical issues be applied to all reproductive technologies. This is especially important regarding the disposition of "excess" embryos and should be the norm of practice around the world.
Some Judgments Regarding the Use of Existing Embryos for Stem Cell Research
There has been a great deal of scientific interest recently generated by research on human stem cells. These are the cells that give rise to other cells. There are a number of potential sources for stem cells, including adult tissues, fetal remains, umbilical cord blood, and human embryos. The use of adult stem cells and stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood raise few moral questions. The use of human embryos as a source for stem cells has been the subject of intense moral debate.
Given the reality that most, if not all, of these excess embryos will be discarded—we believe that it is morally tolerable to use existing embryos for stem cell research purposes. This position is a matter of weighing the danger of further eroding the respect due to potential life against the possible, therapeutic benefits that are hoped for from such research. The same judgment of moral tolerability would apply to the use of embryos left from future reproductive efforts if a decision has been made not to introduce them into the womb. We articulate this position with an attitude of caution, not license. We reiterate our opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research. (See Book of Resolutions 2000, p. 254)
The Issue of "Therapeutic Cloning"
In consideration of the potential therapeutic benefits that might eventually arise from research on embryonic stem cells, particular concerns are raised by a proposed practice called "therapeutic cloning." This involves taking a donated human egg, extracting its nucleus, and replacing it with a nucleus taken from another body cell. This newly formed cell would then be electrically stimulated to develop into an embryo. This embryo would be the genetic twin of the person whose body cell was used to obtain the nucleus. The cloned embryo would then be used as a source of stem cells, which would be a genetic match for that donor. This procedure might overcome the problem of immune system rejection of cellular treatments that might be developed for an individual from embryonic stem cells. However, we still believe that human embryos should not be created purely for the sake of research, or created with the advance intention of destroying them, or cloned for harvesting stem cells.
Therefore, be it resolved, that a task force be formed to complete the charge of the Genetic Science Task force (New Developments in Genetic Science, 90 2000 BOR) (1) to consider the range of issues that are connected with genetic testing, including, but not limited to, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PIGD), prenatal testing as a precursor to therapeutic abortion, and predictive testing in children and adults for late onset genetic conditions; (2) to develop resources for pastoral and congregational use. (3) To commission an analysis of the interests which have funded lobbying efforts and public relations efforts regarding funding of embryonic stem cell research and other embryonic research.
Be it further resolved, that the United Methodist 2004 General Conference go on record in support of those persons who wish to enhance medical research by donating their early embryos remaining after in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures have ended, and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference urge that the United States Congress pass legislation that would authorize federal funding for derivation of and medical research on human embryonic stem cells that were generated for IVF and remain after fertilization procedures have been concluded, provided that:
1. these early embryos are no longer required for procreation by those donating them and would simply be discarded;
2. those donating early embryos have given their prior informed consent to their use in stem cell research;
3. the embryos were not deliberately created for research purposes;
4. the embryos were not obtained by sale or purchase; and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference of the United Methodist Church urge the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an interdisciplinary oversight body for all research in both the public and private sectors that involves stem cells from human embryos, parthenotes, sperm cells or egg cells, and have this body in place within six months of passing such legislation; and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference of the United Methodist Church direct the General Board of Church and Society to communicate this resolution to appropriate members and committees of the United States Congress and to identify and advocate the legislation called for by this resolution.
ADOPTED 2004
From The Book of Resolutions of The United Methodist Church — 2004.
Preamble
The following statement addresses the ethical implications of using human embryos as a source of stem cells for research. It also examines in-vitro fertilization procedures, as they are the source of most of the embryos that are presently used for research. This statement does not explore in detail other kinds of stem cell research, but finds no moral objections to research involving stem cells derived from adult cells or umbilical cord blood. The United Methodist Church has made a commitment to consider all issues in light of concerns for the welfare of all people and the just distribution of resources. In light of that, we wish to state at the outset our conviction that Christians are called to use their resources to meet the basic health care needs of all people. We reaffirm our theological grounding on these issues as found in Section II of The 2004 Book of Resolutions, Resolution #102—"New Developments in Genetic Science."
Description of In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a clinical practice in which a woman's ovaries are hyper-stimulated to release several eggs, which are extracted and subsequently fertilized in a laboratory dish. This is for the purpose of creating embryos to be introduced into the uterus in the hope of implantation, gestation, and eventual birth. Current practice usually involves the extraction of up to 15-16 eggs for fertilization. The resulting embryos that are judged most viable are either introduced into the womb in the initial attempt or frozen and stored for possible later use. Some of the embryos are judged to be less viable than others and are discarded. (Those stored embryos that are not later used become the "excess embryos" whose use as a source of embryonic stem cells is currently under discussion.)
Concerns Regarding the Status of Human Embryos
A human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence and makes a serious moral claim on us, although not a claim identical to that of a more developed human life. For this reason we should not create embryos with the intention of destroying them, as in the creation of embryos for research purposes. Neither should we, even for reproductive purposes, produce more embryos than we can expect to introduce into the womb in the hope of implantation.
We recommend the following guidelines to minimize the overproduction of embryos:
• We urge clinicians and couples to make the determination of how many eggs to fertilize and implant on a case-by-case basis.
• Only enough embryos should be produced to achieve one pregnancy at a time.
• We insist that rigorous standards of informed consent regarding the procedures, the physical and emotional risks, and the associated ethical issues be applied to all reproductive technologies. This is especially important regarding the disposition of "excess" embryos and should be the norm of practice around the world.
Some Judgments Regarding the Use of Existing Embryos for Stem Cell Research
There has been a great deal of scientific interest recently generated by research on human stem cells. These are the cells that give rise to other cells. There are a number of potential sources for stem cells, including adult tissues, fetal remains, umbilical cord blood, and human embryos. The use of adult stem cells and stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood raise few moral questions. The use of human embryos as a source for stem cells has been the subject of intense moral debate.
Given the reality that most, if not all, of these excess embryos will be discarded—we believe that it is morally tolerable to use existing embryos for stem cell research purposes. This position is a matter of weighing the danger of further eroding the respect due to potential life against the possible, therapeutic benefits that are hoped for from such research. The same judgment of moral tolerability would apply to the use of embryos left from future reproductive efforts if a decision has been made not to introduce them into the womb. We articulate this position with an attitude of caution, not license. We reiterate our opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research. (See Book of Resolutions 2000, p. 254)
The Issue of "Therapeutic Cloning"
In consideration of the potential therapeutic benefits that might eventually arise from research on embryonic stem cells, particular concerns are raised by a proposed practice called "therapeutic cloning." This involves taking a donated human egg, extracting its nucleus, and replacing it with a nucleus taken from another body cell. This newly formed cell would then be electrically stimulated to develop into an embryo. This embryo would be the genetic twin of the person whose body cell was used to obtain the nucleus. The cloned embryo would then be used as a source of stem cells, which would be a genetic match for that donor. This procedure might overcome the problem of immune system rejection of cellular treatments that might be developed for an individual from embryonic stem cells. However, we still believe that human embryos should not be created purely for the sake of research, or created with the advance intention of destroying them, or cloned for harvesting stem cells.
Therefore, be it resolved, that a task force be formed to complete the charge of the Genetic Science Task force (New Developments in Genetic Science, 90 2000 BOR) (1) to consider the range of issues that are connected with genetic testing, including, but not limited to, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PIGD), prenatal testing as a precursor to therapeutic abortion, and predictive testing in children and adults for late onset genetic conditions; (2) to develop resources for pastoral and congregational use. (3) To commission an analysis of the interests which have funded lobbying efforts and public relations efforts regarding funding of embryonic stem cell research and other embryonic research.
Be it further resolved, that the United Methodist 2004 General Conference go on record in support of those persons who wish to enhance medical research by donating their early embryos remaining after in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures have ended, and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference urge that the United States Congress pass legislation that would authorize federal funding for derivation of and medical research on human embryonic stem cells that were generated for IVF and remain after fertilization procedures have been concluded, provided that:
1. these early embryos are no longer required for procreation by those donating them and would simply be discarded;
2. those donating early embryos have given their prior informed consent to their use in stem cell research;
3. the embryos were not deliberately created for research purposes;
4. the embryos were not obtained by sale or purchase; and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference of the United Methodist Church urge the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an interdisciplinary oversight body for all research in both the public and private sectors that involves stem cells from human embryos, parthenotes, sperm cells or egg cells, and have this body in place within six months of passing such legislation; and
Be it further resolved, that the 2004 General Conference of the United Methodist Church direct the General Board of Church and Society to communicate this resolution to appropriate members and committees of the United States Congress and to identify and advocate the legislation called for by this resolution.
ADOPTED 2004
From The Book of Resolutions of The United Methodist Church — 2004.
# posted by Cal Skinner : 1:42 PM
